2016考研英語(yǔ)時(shí)文泛讀：認(rèn)知與學(xué)習(xí)

There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him.When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message. be is told emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus. the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults award some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.

這種情況下還有一種因素在起作用。孩子們也許能夠立刻實(shí)現(xiàn)他們的直接目標(biāo)，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)他的這種做法遭到其監(jiān)護(hù)人的批評(píng)。當(dāng)他隔著屋子大聲喊叫著傳話(huà)的時(shí)候，他被極力告誡叫嚷是不禮貌的，他應(yīng)當(dāng)走進(jìn)隔壁房間，安靜地說(shuō)。這樣一來(lái)，單純應(yīng)付客觀(guān)情況的愿望就被恰當(dāng)處理該情況的愿望壓倒。孩子們較早就知道的事情之一就是，當(dāng)他的父母滿(mǎn)意他的反應(yīng)時(shí)，他就會(huì)得到更多的關(guān)愛(ài)和表?yè)P(yáng)。后來(lái)進(jìn)一步得知?jiǎng)e的大人獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)一些行為而批評(píng)另一些行為。如果一個(gè)人想要保持自尊和別人對(duì)他的支持，他就必須采取被其所處的社會(huì)團(tuán)體認(rèn)同的反應(yīng)。

In finding trial responses. the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like. rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players;while some other person may most influence his approach to books.

在尋找可行的反應(yīng)時(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)者不會(huì)隨便選擇模仿對(duì)象。他模仿那些看上去值得效仿的人，而避免模仿那些社會(huì)身份他自己并不認(rèn)同的人。如果這個(gè)學(xué)生想成為一個(gè)卓越的小提琴手，他就會(huì)觀(guān)察并模仿一個(gè)出色琴手的技巧，而另外某個(gè)人則最可能影響他接近書(shū)籍。

Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole. and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations. Imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.

對(duì)一個(gè)人某一方面品質(zhì)的崇拜常常使我從整體上崇拜這個(gè)人，于是他成了名人。我們把一些人當(dāng)成各種情形下模仿的對(duì)象，模仿他們的一舉一動(dòng)。我們知道他們是可靠、值得模仿的對(duì)象，因?yàn)槟７滤麄兛梢宰呦虺晒Α?/font>