2016考研英語閱讀熱點：中國作為制造業(yè)投資首選地的魅力下降

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China is still the most favoured manufacturingdestination in the emerging markets. But otherdeveloping countries such as Mexico and Indonesia are showing promise.

中國仍是新興市場中最受青睞的制造業(yè)投資目的地。但墨西哥和印度尼西亞等其他發(fā)展中國家開始顯現(xiàn)出潛質。

Over the past decade, China reigned comfortably atop the list of destinations for greenfieldmanufacturing facilities by foreign companies, with its level of inbound capital investment onmanufacturing projects dwarfing that of other developing countries. Since 2005, China hasreceived three times the number of projects and capital investment of its closest competitor,India, according to fDi Markets, an FT data service.

過去十年里，中國一直在外企新建制造業(yè)設施投資目的地榜單上穩(wěn)坐頭把交椅，流入中國的制造業(yè)項目資本投資額令其他發(fā)展中國家相形見絀。英國《金融時報》旗下數(shù)據(jù)服務機構fDi Markets的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，自2005年以來，中國吸引到的項目數(shù)量以及資本投資額是與其差距最小的競爭對手印度的3倍。

But over the past year Mexico has gained momentum as a manufacturing destination, movingup to the number two spot and edging out India by number of projects. In 2014 Mexicoattracted 165 investments. Vietnam is another fast riser, ranking second by capital investment,at $19bn against China’s $40bn and Mexico’s $16bn. India, riding on an economic resurgenceand an FDI boom, continues to perform well in manufacturing, attracting 149 projects worth$7bn.

但就過去一年的情況而言，墨西哥作為制造業(yè)投資目的地的勢頭有所增強，以項目數(shù)量計在榜單上升至第二位，略領先于印度。2014年，墨西哥吸引到165個投資項目。越南是另一個在榜單上攀升速度很快的國家，以資本投資額計名列第二位，越南吸引到的資本投資額為190億美元，中國和墨西哥分別為400億美元和160億美元。得益于經(jīng)濟復興和外商直接投資(FDI)迅速增長，印度在制造業(yè)方面繼續(xù)表現(xiàn)良好，吸引到149個項目，價值70億美元。

Russia, suffering from a lack of investor confidence due to geopolitical tensions and economicuncertainty, has slipped down the charts. Having been ranked fifth by number of projectsbetween 2010-14, last year it came tenth by the same measure. But large investments byChinese automotive companies bolstered capital investment levels to $9bn.

受困于地緣政治緊張和經(jīng)濟不確定性導致的投資者信心缺失，俄羅斯在榜單上的位置有所下降。2010年至2014年，俄吸引到的項目數(shù)量排在第五位，就去年一年的情況而言，則排在第十位。不過，中國車企對俄的大舉投資使得俄吸引到資本投資額上升到90億美元。

Indonesia attracted only 56 projects last year — a sixth of the number that went to China —but for an estimated total of an impressive $12bn. The country’s performance as amanufacturing country has been strong over the past five years, with its $55bn in capitalinvestment placing it fifth during that period. Among the more sizeable recent investments,Netherlands-based VI Holding, through its subsidiary Vimetco, a producer of aluminiumproducts, said in the autumn of 2014 that it planned to invest $1bn to establish an aluminarefinery in Kalimantan. The company also announced plans to invest $500m to establish aferronickel smelter in Indonesia through a joint venture with a local partner. And late run2014, China-based Shandong Fuhai Group, another provider of aluminium products, said itwould invest $1.2bn with Ansteel Group in the development of an industrial estate andinfrastructure facilities in Ujung Jabung. The project includes a steel plant that is expected tohave a 1.75m tonnes-per-year capacity, to be primarily sold in the domestic market.

去年，印尼只吸引到56個項目——為中國的六分之一——但項目總價值卻高達120億美元左右。過去五年里，印尼作為制造業(yè)國家的表現(xiàn)很突出，吸引到的資本投資額為550億美元，排在第五位。2014年秋，總部位于荷蘭的VI Holding通過子公司、鋁材生產(chǎn)商Vimetco表示，打算投資10億美元在加里曼丹建立一家氧化鋁冶煉廠。該公司還宣布，打算通過與當?shù)匾粋�合作伙伴組建合資企業(yè)，投資5億美元在印尼建立一家鎳鐵冶煉廠。2014年底，另一家鋁材生產(chǎn)商、中國山東富海集團(Shandong Fuhai Group)表示，將與鞍鋼集團(AnsteelGroup)共同投資12億美元，在烏戎嘉翁(Ujung Jabung)開發(fā)一個工業(yè)園區(qū)和基礎設施。該項目包括一個預計年產(chǎn)能達175萬噸的鋼廠，產(chǎn)品主要供應印尼國內(nèi)市場。這些都是近來一些較為大手筆的投資的例子。

An analysis of manufacturing costs byfDi Benchmark, a location assessment data serviceowned by the FT, reveals that Indonesia’s success could be at least in part cost-driven.Combining compound labour costs for a hypothetical aerospace manufacturing facility, thestudy shows costs in Indonesia declining 5 per cent since 2010. Costs in China, in contrast,have increased nearly 16 per cent, against a nearly 4 per cent rise in Vietnam and 3 per cent inMexico. Thailand has experienced a notable cost inflation of more than 10 per cent, althoughthis does not appear yet to be hurting its attractiveness for manufacturing projects: thecountry continues to rank comfortably within the top ten locations.

英國《金融時報》旗下投資地點評估數(shù)據(jù)服務機構fDi Benchmark在分析制造業(yè)成本后發(fā)現(xiàn)，印尼的成功至少在一定程度上是由成本驅動的。匯總了一個假想的航空航天制造設施的復合勞動成本后，該調(diào)查顯示，印尼的成本自2010年以來下降了5%。相比之下，中國的成本升高了近16%，越南和墨西哥分別升高了近4%和3%。泰國的成本上升顯著，升幅達10%以上，不過這似乎還沒有傷及該國對制造業(yè)項目的吸引力：泰國在項目數(shù)量上繼續(xù)穩(wěn)居前十之列。

Indonesia, though, stands poised to take on other Southeast Asian countries as amanufacturing hub for the region, if it could tackle its longstanding problems of bureaucracyand corruption, improve infrastructure and make other improvements to the investmentclimate.

不過，如果印尼能夠解決其長期存在官僚和腐敗問題、完善基礎設施并在其他方面改善投資環(huán)境，它就有望挑戰(zhàn)其他東南亞國家的地區(qū)制造業(yè)中心地位。