2017考研英語：翻譯中的“轉換”思維大剖析

• 2025考研復試標準班
• 26考研全科上岸規(guī)劃營「擇校▪規(guī)劃▪備考」
• 2026考研專業(yè)課復習資料「真題▪筆記▪講義▪題庫」

在英譯漢過程中，有些句子可以逐詞對譯，有些句子則由于英漢兩種語言的表達方式不同，就不能用"一個蘿卜一個坑"的方法來逐詞對譯。原文中有些詞在譯文中需要詞類轉換和結構轉換，才能使?jié)h語譯文通順自然。

一、詞類轉換

▶轉譯成動詞

1.名詞轉換成動詞

經(jīng)典例題: Interest in historical methods has arisen，less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

分析:interest在原文中是名詞，而在譯文中為了符合中文的表達方式，在不改變意思的前提下，將它改成動詞。

參考譯文: 人們之所以關注歷史研究的方法，主要是因為史學家們內(nèi)部分歧過大，其次才是因為外界并不認為歷史是一門學科。（1999年真題）

經(jīng)典例題: With the click of a mouse，information from the other end of the globe will be transported to your computer screen at the dizzying speed of seven_and_a_half times around the earth per second.

參考譯文: 只要一點鼠標，來自世界另一端的信息便會以每秒繞地球七周半的驚人速度傳輸?shù)侥愕碾娔X屏幕上。

2.形容詞轉換成動詞

經(jīng)典例題: Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.

參考譯文: 由于人口的猛增或大量人口流動（現(xiàn)代交通工具使大量人口流動變得相對容易）所造成的種種問題也會增加社會壓力。（2000年真題）

經(jīng)典例題: Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.

參考譯文: 醫(yī)生們說他們不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。

Success is dependent on his effort.

參考譯文 成功與否取決于他的努力。

3.副詞轉換成動詞

經(jīng)典例題: She opened the window to let fresh air in.

參考譯文: 她把窗子打開，讓新鮮空氣進來。

4.介詞轉換成動詞

經(jīng)典例題: Many laboratories are developing medicines against AIDS.

參考譯文: 許多實驗室正在研制治療艾滋病的藥物。

經(jīng)典例題: "Coming!"Away she skimmed over the lawn，up the path，up the steps，across the veranda，and into the porch.

參考譯文: "來了!"她轉身蹦著跳著地跑了，越過草地，跑上小徑，跨上臺階，穿過涼臺，進了門廊。

▶轉換成名詞

1.動詞轉換成名詞

經(jīng)典例題: The university aims at the first rate of the world.

參考譯文學校的目標是世界一流。

經(jīng)典例題: The net and electronic commerce will foster a large number of free_fancers，and this will affect social structure in a big way.

參考譯文: 網(wǎng)絡和電子商業(yè)將會造就一大批自由職業(yè)者，從而將對社會結構產(chǎn)生深遠的影響。

經(jīng)典例題: Numerous abstentions marked the French elections.

參考譯文: 這次法國選舉的特點是棄權的人多。

2.形容詞轉換成名詞

經(jīng)典例題: They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.

參考譯文: 他們盡了最大努力幫助病號和傷號。

經(jīng)典例題: The different production cost is closely associated with the sources of power.

參考譯文: 生產(chǎn)成本的差異與能源密切相關。

3.代詞轉換成名詞

經(jīng)典例題: According to a growing body of evidence，the chemicals that make up many plastics may migrate out of the material and into foods and fluids，ending up in your body.

分析: your body直譯是"你的身體"，而細讀原文，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)其實your body是泛指人體。作者為了引起與讀者的共鳴，用了與讀者更息息相關的your。在翻譯時，應將此代詞轉換成名詞，體現(xiàn)其真實含義。

參考譯文 越來越多的證據(jù)表明，許多塑料制品的化學成分會移動到食物或流體上去，最終進入人體內(nèi)。

經(jīng)典例題: Though we can't see it，there is air all around us.參考譯文雖然我們看不見空氣，可我們周圍到處都有空氣。

4.副詞轉換成名詞

經(jīng)典例題: The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure1.

參考譯文 圖一所示是這種新型機器的簡圖。

經(jīng)典例題: Internally the earth consists of two parts，a core and a mantle.參考譯文地球的內(nèi)部由兩部分組成:地核和地幔。

▶轉換成形容詞

1.副詞轉換成形容詞

經(jīng)典例題: The engineer had prepared meticulously for his design.

參考譯文: 工程師為這次設計做了十分周密的準備。

經(jīng)典例題: When tables and other materials are included，they should be conveniently placed，so that a student can consult them without turning over too many pages.

參考譯文: 當書中列有表格或其他參考資料時，應當將這些內(nèi)容編排在適當?shù)奈恢茫�以便使學生在查閱時，不必翻太多的書頁。

2.名詞轉換成形容詞

經(jīng)典例題: Most teenagers feel no difficulty in learning and operating computers.

參考譯文: 絕大部分青少年在學習和操作電腦方面并不覺得困難。

經(jīng)典例題: The instrument has been welcomed by users because of its stability in serviceability，reliability in operation and simplicity in maintenance.

參考譯文: 該儀器性能穩(wěn)定，操作可靠，維護方便，因而受到用戶的歡迎。

▶轉換成副詞

形容詞轉換成副詞

經(jīng)典例題: The wide application of electronic machines in scientific work，in designing and in economic calculations will free man from the labor of complicated computations.

參考譯文: 在科學研究、設計和經(jīng)濟計算方面廣泛地應用電子計算機可以使人們從繁重的計算勞動中解放出來。

經(jīng)典例題: By dialing the right number，you may be able to select a play，golf lesson or lecture in physics，from a pre-taped library in a remote city，for showing on your home screen.

參考譯文 只要撥對了號碼，你就可以在家里電視機上選看到由遠方城市一座圖書館發(fā)出的預先錄制的一出戲，一堂打高爾夫球的講課，或者一次物理學講演。

二、結構轉換

結構轉換著眼于句子成分的相互轉換和基本句型的改變。句子成分的相互轉換主要在主語與賓語，補語與表語，主語與定語，定語與狀語，狀語與主語之間進行。

▶句子成分的轉換

1.非主語譯成主語

經(jīng)典例題: Since the invention of the transistor at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in1984，it has found its way into varied applications in the commercial，industrial and military fields.

參考譯文: 自從1984年貝爾電話研究所發(fā)明晶體管以來，晶體管的種種應用已遍及商業(yè)、工業(yè)和軍事各個領域。（狀語譯成主語）

經(jīng)典例題: Television is different from radio in that it sends and receives pictures.

參考譯文: 電視和無線電的不同點在于電視能收發(fā)圖像。（表語譯成主語）

經(jīng)典例題: Matter is usually electrically neutral，that is，it has as many protons，as electrons.

參考譯文: 物質通常是不帶電的，就是說，它的質子和電子數(shù)量是相等的。（賓語譯成主語）

2.非謂語譯成謂語

經(jīng)典例題: There is a need for improvement in your study habits.

參考譯文: 你的學習習慣需要改進。（主語譯成謂語）

3.非賓語譯成賓語

經(jīng)典例題: He is admired by everybody.

參考譯文: 大家都很欽佩他。（主語譯成賓語）

經(jīng)典例題: Materials to be used for structural purpose are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental condition.

參考譯文: 用于結構上的材料必須選擇得使它們在周圍環(huán)境條件下具有彈性。（狀語譯成賓語）

4.非狀語譯成狀語

經(jīng)典例題: He drew a deep breath.

參考譯文: 他深深地吸了一口氣。（定語譯成狀語）

經(jīng)典例題: Pictures show him in the company of men like Churchill，Einstein and Gandhi.

參考譯文: 在這些照片中我們可以看到他和邱吉爾、愛因斯坦、甘地這些人的交往。（主語譯成狀語）

▶基本句型的轉化

1.簡單句轉換成復合句

經(jīng)典例題: At the slightest improvement in my work they would show warm approval.

參考譯文 我工作稍有進步，他們就熱情肯定。

2.復合句轉換成簡單句

經(jīng)典例題: This causes the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together.

參考譯文: 這樣就蓋起了許多人聚居的高樓大廈。