2017考研趣味閱讀：自戀分三種 你是哪種呢?

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It's more than likely you know someone who's obsessed with their own image.

你的交際圈中定然有癡迷于自己形象的人吧。

Narcissists think they're better, smarter, and more important than the people around them – and they want to be treated as such, experts say.

有關專家說，自戀者通常認為自己比周圍人更聰明、更優秀、更重要——他們也希望別人能這樣看待他們。

A new TEDEd video breaks down the different types of narcissism, from the obvious to the not-so obvious, and explains how these traits almost always take a turn for the dark side.

TED教育頻道一個最新的視頻講到，自戀者可被劃分為幾種不同類型，有些人的自戀程度較明顯，有些則不太明顯。該視頻還解釋了這種性格特征為什么常常會產生負面效果。

Psychologists define narcissism as an 'inflated, grandiose self-image,' and it has persevered through the centuries as a personality trait and, in extreme cases, a psychological disorder.

心理學家將自戀定義為：“夸張、不切實際的自我形象”。幾個世紀以來，人們一直將它看做一種性格特征，在某些極端情況下，它被看成一種心理障礙。

Narcissists have a tendency to act selfishly, according to the lesson by W. Keith Campbell, and this can present itself in many different ways.

基思·坎貝爾在其講演中指出，自戀者一般都有點自私，并且這種特點會通過許多不同的方式顯現出來。

According to the expert, 'it's like a disease where the sufferers feel pretty good, but the people around them suffer.'

坎貝爾說，“自戀就像疾病一樣，自戀者自我感覺不錯，但周圍人卻因此遭殃。”

Political leaders or people of power may make risky or unethical decisions as a result of narcissism, while narcissistic partners could be unfaithful and dishonest.

由于自戀，政治領導者或是有權勢的人可能會做一些冒險的或不道德的決定。自戀型的伴侶也可能不忠，易出軌。

As a personality trait, narcissism can appear in two forms: grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism.

作為一種性格特點，自戀可以分為兩種形式：浮夸型自戀和脆弱型自戀。

In both forms, however, 'the dark side of narcissism' will ultimately show up over time.

然而，自戀的這兩種形式，最終都會隨著時間的推移，展現出“自戀的黑暗面”。

A much more extreme type of narcissism also exists, and it's classified as a psychological disorder.

還有一種更為極端的自戀類型，它被看成是一種心理障礙。

This is known as narcissistic personality disorder.

即我們通常所說的自戀型人格障礙。

Research has linked narcissism to genetics, but it's still unknown which genes actually contribute to this.

已經有研究認為自戀與基因有關，但仍無法得知哪種基因更易導致自戀。

Genes, environment, and cultural setting can all have a hand in fostering narcissism.

基因、環境、文化背景都可能影響自戀的形成。

According to the expert, narcissism has been on the rise in the United States since the 1970s.

專家談到，自20世紀70年代以來，美國的自戀人數一直處于上升態勢。

And, while social media hasn't been proven to actually create narcissists, it does give them a new platform to garner attention and admiration.

盡管沒有證據表明社交媒體為自戀者提供了滋生的土壤，但它確實為自戀者創造了一個贏得別人注意和贊賞的平臺。

When a narcissist's self-inflated viewpoint is challenged, a person can become aggressive and resentful.

當自戀者自我膨脹的觀點受到他人質疑時，他可能就會變得咄咄逼人、憤恨不滿。

It is possible for narcissists to become more altruistic, the video explains, and this can be done by enrolling in psychotherapy, or practicing compassion.

視頻解釋道，自戀者也有可能變得更無私，但這可能要通過心理治療或培養同情心的方式得以實現。

People who exhibit narcissistic traits can improve their behaviour by reflecting upon their own actions or practicing compassion for others.

自戀者通過反思自身行為或培養對他人的同情心，可以改進自己的行為舉止。

But, becoming less self-absorbed isn't always an easy task, the expert explains.

然而專家稱，要想降低自己的自戀情結絕非易事。

'For narcissists, self-reflection is hard from an unflattering angle.'

“對自戀者而言，改變浮夸的想法進行自我反思是有難度的。”

WHAT KIND OF NARCISSIST ARE YOU?

看看你是哪種自戀類型

1. Grandiose narcissists are the most familiar type, the video explains, and these people can be extroverted, dominant, and attention-seeking.

視頻講到，浮夸型自戀者最為常見。這些人性格外向、控制欲強，希望引起別人注意。

These types of narcissists will 'pursue attention and power,' often showing up among political and cultural leaders, and celebrities.

這種自戀者在政治首腦、文化領袖等名人中最為常見，他們“向往別人的注意、追逐權力”。

This way of viewing oneself can be nurtured by upbringing, especially in situations where parent's put their child on a pedestal.

如果父母將孩子視為掌上明珠，在這種成長環境下，就容易培養出這類自戀性格。

2. Vulnerable narcissists are more reserved. People with this trait have a strong sense of entitlement, and easily feel threatened or demeaned by the actions of others.

脆弱型自戀者可能更為矜持一些。他們的權利意識更強，別人的一個無意之舉，可能就會讓他們感到自己被威脅或輕視了。

Cold, controlling parents can have a hand in fostering this trait, the video explains.

視頻中說，冷漠、控制欲強的父母更有可能培養出有這種性格特點的孩子。

3. Narcissistic personality disorder is a much more extreme form, and is classified as a psychological disorder.

自戀型人格障礙是一種更為極端的自戀類型，它被認為是一種心理疾病。

This is more common in men, and affects just 1-2 percent of the population.

這種自戀類型在男性中更為常見，僅占男性總人口的1%到2%。

These people also feel a sense of entitlement, and seek admiration and attention, but in a way that is all-encompassing, the experts explain.

專家稱，這類人也有一種權利意識，希望得到別人的注意和贊賞，涵蓋方方面面。

A narcissistic personality disorder can consume a person's life.

自戀型人格障礙可能會影響一個人的一生。

The video points to the example of a person using their spouse of children as a means to gain attention, over caring for them.

視頻中還舉了一個例子，講的是一個自戀者對孩子的配偶過度關心，只是為了贏得他們的注意。